Chapter 1 : Computer Abstractions and Technology

Terms

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transistor

An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.

pixel

The smallest individual picture element. Screens are composed of hundreds of thousands of millions of pixels, organized in a matrix.

1.5

silicon crystal ingot

A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.

wafer

A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips.

defect

A microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die containing that defect.

die

The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer, more informally known as chips.

yield

The percentage of good dies from the total number of dies on the wafer.

1.6

throughput

Also called bandwidth. Another measure of performance, it is the number of tasks completed per unit time.

CPU execution time

Also called CPU time. The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task.

user CPU time

The CPU time spent in a program itself.

system CPU time

The CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program.

clock cycle

Also called tick, clock tick, clock period, clock, or cycle. The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.

1.9

SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative)

Formulas

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1.5

1.6

performance = 1 / execution time

clock rate = 1 / clock cycle time

CPU time = (Instruction count x CPI) / Clock rate

1.9

SPECratio = reference time / execution time

1.10

Exercises

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※ The following solutions are my thoughts so that they may be wrong. If one of the solutions is wrong, please reply to that.

1.1 [2] <§1.1> Aside from the smart cell phones used by a billion people, list and describe four other types of computers.

• personal computer (PC)
  A computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse.
  
  
• server
  A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network.
  
  
• supercomputer
  A class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.
  
  
• embedded computer
  A computer inside another device used for running one predetermined application or collection of software.

1.2 [5] <§1.2> The eight great ideas in computer architecture are similar to ideas from other fields. Match the eight ideas from computer architecture, “Design for Moore’s Law”, “Use Abstraction to Simplify Design”, “Make the Common Case Fast”, “Performance via Parallelism”, “Performance via Pipelining”, “Performance via Prediction”, “Hierarchy of Memories”, and “Dependability via Redundancy” to the following ideas from other fields:

a. Assembly lines in automobile manufacturing

b. Suspension bridge cables

c. Aircraft and marine navigation systems that incorporate wind information

d. Express elevators in buildings

e. Library reserve desk

f. Increasing the gate area on a CMOS transistor to decrease its switching time

g. Adding electromagnetic aircraft catapults (which are electrically-powered as opposed to current steam-powered models), allowed by the increased power generation offered by the new reactor technology

h. Building self-driving cars whose control systems partially rely on existing sensor systems already installed into the base vehicle, such as lane departure systems and smart cruise control systems

1. Performance via Pipelining
   
   
2. Make the Common Case Fast
   Suspension bridge cables consist of a great number of steel wires.
   
   
3. Performance via Prediction
   
   
4. Performance via Parallelism
   
   
5. Dependability via Redundancy
   
   
6. Design for Moore’s Law
   
   
7. Hierarchy of Memories
   
   
8. Use Abstraction to Simplify Design

1.3 [2] <§1.3> Describe the steps that transform a program written in a high-level language such as C into a representation that is directly executed by a computer processor.

FIGURE 1.4

High-level language program이 compiler를 거치면 Assembly language program으로 변환된다. Assembly language program이 Assembler를 거치면 Binary machine language program으로 변환된다. 

1.4 [2] <§1.4> Assume a color display using 8 bits for each of the primary colors (red, green, blue) per pixel and a frame size of 1280×1024.

a. What is the minimum size in bytes of the frame buffer to store a frame?

b. How long would it take, at a minimum, for the frame to be sent over a 100 Mbit/s network?

1. Number of Bytes per Pixel = 8 bits x 3 colors / 8 = 3 bytes.
   minimum size = 1280x1024x3 = 3932160 bytes.
   
   
2. 3932160x8 / 100000000 = 0.3145728 seconds

1.5 [4] <§1.6> Consider three different processors P1, P2, and P3 executing the same instruction set. P1 has a 3 GHz clock rate and a CPI of 1.5. P2 has a 2.5 GHz clock rate and a CPI of 1.0. P3 has a 4.0 GHz clock rate and has a CPI of 2.2.

a. Which processor has the highest performance expressed in instructions per second?

b. If the processors each execute a program in 10 seconds, find the number of cycles and the number of instructions.

c. We are trying to reduce the time by 30% but this leads to an increase of 20% in the CPI. What clock rate should we have to get this time reduction?

IC = Instruction Count, CC = Cycle Count

1. P2 has highest performance.
   
   $\text{IC}_{p1} = 2 * 10^{9}$
   $\text{IC}_{p2} = 2.5 * 10^{9}$
   $\text{IC}_{p3} = 1.8 * 10^{9}$
   
   
2. $\text{IC}_{p1} = 2 * 10^{10}$
   $\text{IC}_{p2} = 2.5 * 10^{10}$
   $\text{IC}_{p3} = 1.8 * 10^{10}$
   
   $\text{CC}_{p1} = 2 * 1.5 * 10^{10}$
   $\text{CC}_{p2} = 2.5 * 1 * 10^{10}$
   $\text{CC}_{p3} = 1.8 * 2.2 * 10^{10}$
   
   
3. Execution time x 0.7 = (Instruction Count x CPI x 1.2) / clock rate
   
   Execution time = (Instruction Count x CPI) / (clock rate x 12/7) 
   
   new clock rate = 12/7 x clock rate 
   
   

1.6 [20] <§1.6> Consider two different implementations of the same instruction set architecture. The instructions can be divided into four classes according to their CPI (class A, B, C, and D). P1 with a clock rate of 2.5 GHz and CPIs of 1, 2, 3, and 3, and P2 with a clock rate of 3 GHz and CPIs of 2, 2, 2, and 2.

Given a program with a dynamic instruction count of 1.0E6 instructions divided into classes as follows: 10% class A, 20% class B, 50% class C, and 20% class D, which implementation is faster?

a. What is the global CPI for each implementation?

b. Find the clock cycles required in both cases.

P2 is faster than P1.

1. 
   
   $\begin{align*} T_{P1} &= \frac{0.1\times 10^{6}\times 1}{2.5} + \frac{0.2\times 10^{6}\times 2}{2.5} + \frac{0.5\times 10^{6}\times 3}{2.5} + \frac{0.2\times 10^{6}\times 3}{2.5} \\ &= \frac{10^{6}\times 2.6}{2.5} \\ \end{align*}$
   
   P1 global CPI = 2.6
   
   P2 global CPI = 2.0
   
   
2. clock cycle (P1) = 10⁶ x 2.6
   clock cycle (P2) = 10⁶ x 2.0

1.7 [15] <§1.6> Compilers can have a profound impact on the performance of an application. Assume that for a program, compiler A results in a dynamic instruction count of 1.0E9 and has an execution time of 1.1 s, while compiler B results in a dynamic instruction count of 1.2E9 and an execution time of 1.5 s.

a. Find the average CPI for each program given that the processor has a clock cycle time of 1 ns.

b. Assume the compiled programs run on two different processors. If the execution times on the two processors are the same, how much faster is the clock of the processor running compiler A’s code versus the clock of the processor running compiler B’s code?

c. A new compiler is developed that uses only 6.0E8 instructions and has an average CPI of 1.1. What is the speedup of using this new compiler versus using compiler A or B on the original processor?

1. CPI A = 1.1
   CPI B = 1.25
   
   execution time = clock cycle x clock cycle time.
   
   
2. the clock of the processor running compiler B's code is much faster.
   
   1.0 x 10⁹ x 1.1 x clock cycle time_A = 1.2 x 10⁹ x 1.25 x clock cycle time_B
   clock cycle time_A / clock cycle time_B = 15 / 11 = 1.36…
   
   분수에서는 1보다 크면 분자가 분모보다 크다는 걸 의미하므로 clock cycle time_A > clock cycle time_B 이다.
   
   
3. For the original processor with a clock cycle time of 1 ns:
   
   clock cycle time_A / clock cycle time_new = 1.0E9 x 1.1 / 6.0E8 x 1.1 =10 / 6 = 1.67 
   clock cycle time_B / clock cycle time_new = 1.2E9 x 1.25 / 6.0E8 x 1.1 = 50 / 22 = 2.27

1.8 The Pentium 4 Prescott processor, released in 2004, had a clock rate of 3.6 GHz and voltage of 1.25 V. Assume that, on average, it consumed 10 W of static power and 90 W of dynamic power.

The Core i5 Ivy Bridge, released in 2012, has a clock rate of 3.4 GHz and voltage of 0.9 V. Assume that, on average, it consumed 30 W of static power and 40 W of dynamic power.

1.8.1 [5] <§1.7> For each processor find the average capacitive loads.

1.8.2 [5] <§1.7> Find the percentage of the total dissipated power comprised by static power and the ratio of static power to dynamic power for each technology. (※ dissipated == consumed )

1.8.3 [15] <§1.7> If the total dissipated power is to be reduced by 10%, how much should the voltage be reduced to maintain the same leakage current? Note: power is defined as the product of voltage and current.

1. capacitive load of P4 = 5.625 x 10^-9
   capacitive load of i5 = 2.754 x 10^-9
   
   power = capacitive load * voltage^2  * frequency switched
   
   
   frequency switched = clock rate
   
   
   capacitive load = power/(voltage^2 * clock rate)
   
   
   
2. P4
   the total dissipated power = 10 + 90 = 100W
   static power / the total dissipated power = (10 / 90) * 100 = 11%
   
   the ratio of static power to dynamic power = 10 / 90 = 0.11
   
   
   i5
   the total dissipated power = 30 + 40 = 70W
   static power / the total dissipated power = (30 / 70) * 100 = 43%
   
   the ratio of static power to dynamic power = 30 / 40 = 0.75
   
   
   
3. the voltage of both P4 and i5 should be reduced by 10%.
   
   
   ※ the total dissipated power = Voltage x leakage current(I)
   
   P4
   100 = 1.25 x I
   I = 80A
   
   the total dissipated power * 0.9 = 90W
   
   90 = 1.25α x 80, α = 0.9
   
   i5
   70 = 0.9 x I
   I = 78 (rounded up)
   
   the total dissipated power * 0.9 = 63W
   
   63 = 0.9α x 78, α = 0.9 (rounded up)

1.9 Assume for arithmetic, load/store, and branch instructions, a processor has CPIs of 1, 12, and 5, respectively. Also assume that on a single processor a program requires the execution of 2.56E9 arithmetic instructions, 1.28E9 load/store instructions, and 256 million branch instructions. Assume that each processor has a 2 GHz clock frequency.

Assume that, as the program is parallelized to run over multiple cores, the number of arithmetic and load/store instructions per processor is divided by 0.7 x p (where p is the number of processors) but the number of branch instructions per processor remains the same.

1.9.1 [5] <§1.7> Find the total execution time for this program on 1, 2, 4, and 8 processors, and show the relative speedup of the 2, 4, and 8 processor result relative to the single processor result.

1.9.2 [10] <§§1.6, 1.8> If the CPI of the arithmetic instructions was doubled, what would the impact be on the execution time of the program on 1, 2, 4, or 8 processors?

1.9.3 [10] <§§1.6, 1.8> To what should the CPI of load/store instructions be reduced in order for a single processor to match the performance of four processors using the original CPI values?

※ speedup concept : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedup

1. the total execution time = instructions(arithmetic + load/store + branch) / clock frequency.
   
   

   processor	num of ins per pro			total exec time	relative speedup
   	Arithmetic (CPI 1)	load/store (CPI 12)	branch (CPI 5)
   1	2.56E9	1.28E9	2.56E8	9.60s	1
   2	1.83E9	0.91E9	2.56E8	7.02s	1.37
   4	0.91E9	0.46E9	2.56E8	3.86s	2.49
   8	0.46E9	0.23E9	2.56E8	2.25s	4.27

   
   
2. 프로세서 수가 많아질수록 총 수행시간이 점점 줄어든다. 따라서, 프로세서가 많은 것이 더 효율적이라 말할 수 있다.
   
   

   processor	num of ins per pro			total exec time
   	Arithmetic (CPI 2)	load/store (CPI 12)	branch (CPI 5)
   1	2.56E9	1.28E9	2.56E8	10.88s
   2	1.83E9	0.91E9	2.56E8	7.93s
   4	0.91E9	0.46E9	2.56E8	4.31s
   8	0.46E9	0.23E9	2.56E8	2.48s

   
   
3. the CPI of load/store instructions should be reduced by 25%.
   
   3.86 = (2.56E9 + 1.28E9 x α + 2.56E8 x 5) / 2.0E9 , α = 3.03
   3.03 / 12 = 0.25

1.10 Assume a 15 cm diameter wafer has a cost of 12, contains 84 dies, and has 0.020 defects/cm2. Assume a 20 cm diameter wafer has a cost of 15, contains 100 dies, and has 0.031 defects/cm2.
1.10.1 [10] <§1.5> Find the yield for both wafers.
1.10.2 [5] <§1.5> Find the cost per die for both wafers.
1.10.3 [5] <§1.5> If the number of dies per wafer is increased by 10% and the defects per area unit increases by 15%, find the die area and yield.
1.10.4 [5] <§1.5> Assume a fabrication process improves the yield from 0.92 to 0.95. Find the defects per area unit for each version of the technology given a die area of 200 mm².

1. yield_15cm = 0.96 , yield_20cm = 0.9
   
   
2. cost per die_15cm = 0.15 , cost per die_20cm = 0.17
   
   
3. die area_15cm = 1.92, yield_15cm = 0.96
   die area_20cm = 2.86, yield_20cm = 0.95
   
   지름 15cm wafer는 yield 차이가 나지 않는다. 왜 그러지...
   
   
4. defects per area unit_0.92 = 0.042 , defects per area unit_0.95 = 0.025
   
   풀이법 : yield 공식에 root를 씌운 후 이항 시켜 풀면 된다.

1.11 The results of the SPEC CPU2006 bzip2 benchmark running on an AMD Barcelona has an instruction count of 2.389E12, an execution time of 750 s, and a reference time of 9650 s.

1.11.1 [5] <§§1.6, 1.9> Find the CPI if the clock cycle time is 0.333 ns.
1.11.2 [5] <§1.9> Find the SPECratio.
1.11.3 [5] <§§1.6, 1.9> Find the increase in CPU time if the number of instructions of the benchmark is increased by 10% without affecting the CPI.
1.11.4 [5] <§§1.6, 1.9> Find the increase in CPU time if the number of instructions of the benchmark is increased by 10% and the CPI is increased by 5%.
1.11.5 [5] <§§1.6, 1.9> Find the change in the SPECratio for this change.
1.11.6 [10] <§1.6> Suppose that we are developing a new version of the AMD Barcelona processor with a 4 GHz clock rate. We have added some additional instructions to the instruction set in such a way that the number of instructions has been reduced by 15%. The execution time is reduced to 700 s and the new SPECratio is 13.7. Find the new CPI.
1.11.7 [10] <§1.6> This CPI value is larger than obtained in 1.11.1 as the clock rate was increased from 3 GHz to 4 GHz. Determine whether the increase in the CPI is similar to that of the clock rate. If they are dissimilar, why?
1.11.8 [5] <§1.6> By how much has the CPU time been reduced?
1.11.9 [10] <§1.6> For a second benchmark, libquantum, assume an execution time of 960 ns, CPI of 1.61, and clock rate of 3 GHz. If the execution time is reduced by an additional 10% without affecting to the CPI and with a clock rate of 4 GHz, determine the number of instructions.
1.11.10 [10] <§1.6> Determine the clock rate required to give a further 10% reduction in CPU time while maintaining the number of instructions and with the CPI unchanged.
1.11.11 [10] <§1.6> Determine the clock rate if the CPI is reduced by 15% and the CPU time by 20% while the number of instructions is unchanged.

1. CPI = 0.94
   
   CPI = execution time / (instruction count * clock cycle time)
   
   
   
2. SPECratio = 12.9
   
   SPECratio = reference time / execution time
   
   
   
3. increase in CPU time = 1 - 823/750 = 0.1 (10%)
   
   instruction count * 1.1 = 2.628, CPU time = 823s
   
   
   
4. increase in CPU time =  901/750 - 1 = 0.2 (20%)
   
   CPI * 1.1 = 1.03, CPU time = 901s
   
   
   
5. SPECratio for this change = 10.7
   
   
   
6. CPI_new = 1.38
   
   instruction count_new = 2.031E12, clock rate = 4.0 x 10⁹
   
   
   
7. // This answer may be incorrect.
   
   they are dissimilar because instruction count has been reduced.
   
   clock rate ratio = 4 GHz/3 GHz = 1.33
   
   CPI ratio = 1.38 / 0.94 = 1.47
   
   
   
8. the CPU time has been reduced by 7%.
   
   ※ 비율을 따질 때 조심할 것은 어떤 대상이 기준인가 하는 것이다.
   
   
   
9. // in 1.11.9, execution time is 960ns. but I think it is "s" not "ns".
     Therefore, I will use "s" instead of "ns".
   
   number of instructions = 2147 x 10⁹
   
   
   
10. clock rate_new1 = 2147 x 10⁹ x 1.61 / 864 = 4.0 x 10⁹ = 4Ghz
    
    CPU time * 0.9 = 864
    
    
    
11. clock rate_new2 = 3.83 x 10⁹ = 3.83Ghz
    
    CPI * 0.85 = 1.37, execution time * 0.8 = 768s
    

1.12 Section 1.10 cites as a pitfall the utilization of a subset of the performance equation as a performance metric. To illustrate this, consider the following two processors. P1 has a clock rate of 4 GHz, average CPI of 0.9, and requires the execution of 5.0E9 instructions. P2 has a clock rate of 3 GHz, an average CPI of 0.75, and requires the execution of 1.0E9 instructions.
1.12.1 [5] <§§1.6, 1.10> One usual fallacy is to consider the computer with the largest clock rate as having the largest performance. Check if this is true for P1 and P2.
1.12.2 [10] <§§1.6, 1.10> Another fallacy is to consider that the processor executing the largest number of instructions will need a larger CPU time. Considering that processor P1 is executing a sequence of 1.0E9 instructions and that the CPI of processors P1 and P2 do not change, determine the number of instructions that P2 can execute in the same time that P1 needs to execute 1.0E9 instructions.
1.12.3 [10] <§§1.6, 1.10> A common fallacy is to use MIPS (millions of instructions per second) to compare the performance of two different processors, and consider that the processor with the largest MIPS has the largest performance. Check if this is true for P1 and P2.
1.12.4 [10] <§1.10> Another common performance figure is MFLOPS (millions of floating-point operations per second), defined as

but this figure has the same problems as MIPS. Assume that 40% of the instructions executed on both P1 and P2 are floating-point instructions. Find the MFLOPS figures for the programs.

1. this is not true.
   
   clock rate_P1 = 4Ghz, execution time_P1 = 1.125 , performance_P1 = 0.88
   clock rate_P2 = 3Ghz, execution time_P2 = 0.25  , performance_P2 = 4
   
   
   
2. number of instructions = 9.0 x 10⁸
   
   
   
3. this is not ture. MIPS_P1 > MIPS_P2 but performace is not.
   
   MIPS_P1 = 4.44 x 10³ , MIPS_P2 = 4.0 x 10³
   
   
   
4. MFLOPS_P1 = 1.8E9 / (0.45 x 1E6) = 4 x 10³, MFLOPS_P2 = 0.3E9 / (0.1 x 1E6) = 3 x 10³
   
   
   No. FP operations_P1 = 5.0E9 x 0.4 x 0.9 = 1.8 x 10⁹, No. FP operations_P2 = 1.0E9 x 0.4 x 0.75 = 0.3 x 10⁹
   
   execution time_P1 = 1.8 x 10⁹ / 4 x 10⁹ = 0.45 , execution time_P2 = 0.3 x 10⁹ / 3 x 10⁹ = 0.1

1.13 Another pitfall cited in Section 1.10 is expecting to improve the overall performance of a computer by improving only one aspect of the computer. Consider a computer running a program that requires 250 s, with 70 s spent executing FP instructions, 85 s executed L/S instructions, and 40 s spent executing branch instructions.
1.13.1 [5] <§1.10> By how much is the total time reduced if the time for FP operations is reduced by 20%?
1.13.2 [5] <§1.10> By how much is the time for INT operations reduced if the total time is reduced by 20%?
1.13.3 [5] <§1.10> Can the total time can be reduced by 20% by reducing only the time for branch instructions?

1. total time_(reduced) = 56 + 85 + 40 + 55 = 236
   
   FP instructions reduced = 70 * 0.8 = 56
   
   
   
2. time_{INT (reduced)} = 11%
   
   total time reduced = 250 * 0.8 = 200 , 200 = 56 + 85 + 40 + 55α
   
   
   
3. The total time can't be reduced by 20% since "200 = 40α + 210" is incorrect.

1.14 Assume a program requires the execution of 50×106 FP instructions, 110×106 INT instructions, 80×106 L/S instructions, and 16×106 branch instructions. The CPI for each type of instruction is 1, 1, 4, and 2, respectively. Assume that the processor has a 2 GHz clock rate.
1.14.1 [10] <§1.10> By how much must we improve the CPI of FP instructions if we want the program to run two times faster?
1.14.2 [10] <§1.10> By how much must we improve the CPI of L/S instructions if we want the program to run two times faster?
1.14.3 [5] <§1.10> By how much is the execution time of the program improved if the CPI of INT and FP instructions is reduced by 40% and the CPI of L/S and Branch is reduced by 30%?

// I think the number of each instructions is 10⁶ not 106.

1. We cannot improve the CPI of FP instructions since it would be negative.
   
   clock cycle = (50 x 10⁶ x 1+ 110 x 10⁶ x 1 + 80 x 10⁶ x 4 + 16 x 10⁶ x 2) = 512 x 10⁶ 
   execution time = (512 x 10⁶) / (2 x 10⁹) = 256 x 10^-3 = 0.256s
   
   프로그램을 두배 빠르게 하기 위해 clock cycle을 2 로 나누면,
   
   clock cycle / 2 = 256 x 10⁶ = 50 x 10⁶ x CPI_FP + 110 x 10⁶ x 1 + 80 x 10⁶ x 4 + 16 x 10⁶ x 2
   CPI_FP = (256 x 10⁶ - 462 x 10⁶) / (50 x 10⁶)
   
   음수가 나오므로 CPI_FP를 개선할 수 없다.
   
   execution time_improved = execution time * 1/2 = 128 x 10^-3 = 25 x 10^-3 + 231 x 10^-3
   
   
   
2. CPI_{L/S (improved)} = 0.2
   
   256 x 10⁶ = 50 x 10⁶ x 1 + 110 x 10⁶ x 1 + 80 x 10⁶ x 4 x CPI_L/S + 16 x 10⁶ x 2
   CPI_L/S = (256 - 192) x 10⁶ / (80 x 10⁶ x 4) = 0.2
   
   
   
3. execution time_(improved) = 0.1712s ( It is 0.0848s faster than the original execution time(0.256s))

1.15 [5] <§1.8> When a program is adapted to run on multiple processors in a multiprocessor system, the execution time on each processor is comprised of computing time and the overhead time required for locked critical sections and/or to send data from one processor to another.
Assume a program requires t=100 s of execution time on one processor. When run p processors, each processor requires t/p s, as well as an additional 4 s of overhead, irrespective of the number of processors. Compute the per-processor execution time for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 processors. For each case, list the corresponding speedup relative to a single processor and the ratio between actual speedup versus ideal speedup (speedup if there was no overhead).

processor	execution time	total time	relative speedup	actual speedup vs ideal speedup
1	100s	100s
2	50s	54s	1.85	0.93
4	25	29	3.45	0.86
8	12.5	16.5	6.06	0.76
16	6.25	10.25	9.76	0.61
32	3.125	7.125	14.04	0.44
64	1.5625	5.5625	17.98	0.28
128	0.78125	4.78125	20.92	0.16

Reference

https://mistrypra.wordpress.com/homework-1-for-csc-320

https://etimreck.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/homework-1.docx

덧글

[지나가는 사람]

1.9.3이 뭔가 이상하네요.
3.08 = (2.56E9 + 1.28E9 x α + 2.56E8 x 5) / 2.0E9
α = 2.56

이걸 좀 변환시키면

3.08 = 1.28 + 0.64 + 0.64*a인데 a가 2.56이면 3.5584, 반올림으로 처리해도 3.56이 나오거든요...
그리고 load/store에 쓰신 Instruction Count 값이 4개의 프로세서부터 값이 잘못 처리가 되있는거 같아요.

[불타는 아이스크림]

확인해보니 틀린 게 맞네요. 전부 수정 완료했습니다. 지나가는사람님 알려주셔서 감사합니다.

[지나가는 사람]

그리고 문제의 오류인지 책을 보는 제가 해석을 잘 못해서인지 모르겠습니다만....
1.12.1의 문제는 Clock Rate말고 CPI도 Performence에 영향을 준다는걸 도출하라는 문제같은데, P1이 더 실제로 빠르다는게 함정이라서 문제가 자체가 잘못된게 아닌가 싶네요....(문제는 책에도 똑같이 써져 있다는게 함정.)

[불타는 아이스크림]

계산해봤는데 P2의 CPI가 더 적고, 클록도 높아서 P2의 execution time이 더 빠르게 나오네요. 문제 자체의 오류는 딱히 모르겠어요. 단순히 execution time의 비교만을 놓고 보자면 맞는 얘기라서..

[지나가는 사람]

죄송합니다;;제가 잘못 봤네요 ㅠㅠ
Performence가 Instruction이랑 같다고 착각을 해버려서....괜사리 계산하는데 시간쓰게 해서 죄송합니다....

[불타는 아이스크림]

아니에요. 저도 처음 공부할 때 그게 헷갈려서 고생을..ㅋㅋ performance는 execution time의 역수라는 것을요. 어쩄든 이해가 안되는 문제에 대한 의구심은 굉장히 좋다고 생각합니다. 그럼 열공하세요.

[까막눈]

1.5번에서 교제 예제에서는 10의 9승으로 곱하던데 왜 10의 10승이 나왔는지 잘 모르겠어요...
사실 공부한지 얼마 안되서 풀이 되게 잘 적어주신거 같은데 잘모르겠어요ㅠㅠ

[불타는 아이스크림]

1.5.1은 10^9 가 맞아요. 제가 잘못적었네요. 수정했습니다.

혹시 모르니 P1 설명해 드릴게요. 문제에서 초당 명령어들의 개수를 요구하고 있잖아요.
초는 1초를 뜻하므로 식은 다음과 같아요.
1=IC(instruction count) * 1.5 / 3*10^9
1=IC * 1 / (2*10^9)
IC=2*10^9

[쁄]

1.4에서 1mbit=10^6bits인데 0이 두개 더 많은거 같아요

[불타는 아이스크림]

1 Mbit = 1,000,000 bit 이므로 맞습니다. 수정했습니다. 감사합니다.

[:)]

많은 도움 받았습니다. 다만 1.14 의 3번에서 실행시간 구하실때 문제의 reduced by 40% 를 40%줄었다가 아니라 40%로 줄었다고 푼 것 같습니다. 40%를 줄였다고 하고 풀면
(50*0.6+110*0.6+80*4*0.7+16*2*0.7)*10^6 = clock cycle 에 의해서 시간은 1.495배 증진된 것으로 나옵니다. 감사합니다.

[불타는 아이스크림]

reduced by 40%의 뜻이 (원래값 * 0.6) 하라는 것이잖아요. 따라서 저는 정확히 값을 계산했구요.

향상된 시간을 0.0848s라고 적었는데 이 부분이 오해를 샀네요. 향상된 시간을 0.1712s 라고 표기했고 원래시간보다 0.0848s 빠르다고 표기했습니다

[학생1]

상세한 해설 올려주셔서 도움이 많이 되었습니다. 감사합니다!
그런데 1.8.3 의 p4를 구할때 전체에서 정전력의 비율이 10/100*100 으로 10%가 아닌가요?!

[불타는 아이스크림]

그래서 10% 비율로 줄여야 한다고 썼습니다.

[전진하는 돌고래]

For question 1.10, the equation should be "Die per Wafer = Die Area / Wafer Are"